How is solar energy primarily harnessed?

Solar energy is primarily harnessed by using solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. In this process, solar cells within the panels generate a potential difference when exposed to light, allowing electricity to flow. This method is widely adopted due to its efficiency and reliability in transforming sunlight into usable electrical power for homes and businesses.

The other methods mentioned, such as using reflective mirrors to concentrate sunlight or heating water directly from sunlight, represent alternative means of capturing solar energy, but they do not primarily define the most common method of solar energy harnessing. Reflective mirrors are often used in concentrated solar power systems, which are different from photovoltaic systems. Similarly, direct heating of water is practical but does not encompass the broader application of solar energy generation like solar panels do. Geothermal systems are unrelated to solar energy; they utilize heat from the Earth itself, which is a separate energy source altogether.